Galatians 3 interlinear
The Greek text of Galatians 3 word by word, with each word’s gloss, a short parsing and its Strong’s number, and the King James Version for comparison.
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O foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched you, that ye should not obey the truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you?
ὮOInterjectionG5599ἀνόητοιfoolishadj voc pl mG453Γαλάται,Galatians!noun voc pl mG1052τίςWhoInterrogative pronoun nom sg mG5101ὑμᾶςyoupers pron 2 acc plG4771ἐβάσκανενhas bewitchedverb aor act ind 3 sgG940οἷςwhoseRelative pronoun dat pl mG3739κατ᾽beforeprepG2596ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesnoun acc pl mG3788ἸησοῦςJesusnoun nom sg m IndividualG2424ΧριστὸςChristnoun nom sg m TitleG5547προεγράφηwas publicly portrayedverb 2 aor pass ind 3 sgG4270ἐσταυρωμένος;[as] crucified?verb perf pass ptc nom sg mG4717 This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?
τοῦτοThisDemonstrative pronoun acc sg nG3778μόνονonlyadj acc sg nG3441θέλωI wishverb pres act ind 1 sgG2309μαθεῖνto learnverb 2 aor act infG3129ἀφ᾽fromprepG575ὑμῶν·you;pers pron 2 gen plG4771ἐξbyprepG1537ἔργωνworksnoun gen pl nG2041νόμουof [the] Lawnoun gen sg mG3551τὸtheart acc sg nG3588πνεῦμαSpiritnoun acc sg nG4151ἐλάβετεdid you receiveverb 2 aor act ind 2 plG2983ἢorconjG2228ἐξbyprepG1537ἀκοῆςhearingnoun gen sg fG189πίστεως;of faith?noun gen sg fG4102 Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?
οὕτωςSoadvG3779ἀνόητοίfoolishadj nom pl mG453ἐστε;are you?verb pres act ind 2 plG1510ἐναρξάμενοιHaving begunverb aor mid Deponent ptc nom pl mG1728πνεύματιin [the] Spiritnoun dat sg nG4151νῦνnowadvG3568σαρκὶin [the] fleshnoun dat sg fG4561ἐπιτελεῖσθε;are you being perfected?verb pres mid or pass ind 2 plG2005 Have ye suffered so many things in vain? if it be yet in vain.
τοσαῦταSo many thingsCorrelative pronoun acc pl nG5118ἐπάθετεdid you sufferverb 2 aor act ind 2 plG3958εἰκῇ;in vain?advG1500εἴifconjG1487γεindeedParticle or Disjunctive ParticleG1065καὶevenconjG2532εἰκῇ.¶in vain!advG1500 He therefore that ministereth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?
ὉThe [One]art nom sg mG3588οὖνthereforeconjG3767ἐπιχορηγῶνsupplyingverb pres act ptc nom sg mG2023ὑμῖνto youpers pron 2 dat plG4771τὸtheart acc sg nG3588πνεῦμαSpiritnoun acc sg nG4151καὶandconjG2532ἐνεργῶνworkingverb pres act ptc nom sg mG1754δυνάμειςmiraclesnoun acc pl fG1411ἐνamongprepG1722ὑμῖν,you,pers pron 2 dat plG4771ἐξ[is it] out ofprepG1537ἔργωνworksnoun gen pl nG2041νόμουof the Lawnoun gen sg mG3551ἢorconjG2228ἐξout ofprepG1537ἀκοῆςhearingnoun gen sg fG189πίστεως;of faith?noun gen sg fG4102 Even as Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness.
καθὼςEven asconjG2531ἈβραὰμAbrahamnoun nom sg m IndividualG11ἐπίστευσενbelievedverb aor act ind 3 sgG4100τῷtheart dat sg mG3588θεῷin Godnoun dat sg m TitleG2316καὶandconjG2532ἐλογίσθηit was reckonedverb aor pass ind 3 sgG3049αὐτῷto himpers pron dat sg mG846εἰςasprepG1519δικαιοσύνην.righteousness.noun acc sg fG1343 Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham.
γινώσκετεdo knowverb pres act impv 2 plG1097ἄραthenconjG686ὅτιthatconjG3754οἱthoseart nom pl mG3588ἐκofprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102οὗτοιtheseDemonstrative pronoun nom pl mG3778υἱοίsonsnoun nom pl mG5207εἰσινareverb pres act ind 3 plG1510Ἀβραάμ.of Abraham.noun gen sg m IndividualG11 And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed.
προϊδοῦσαHaving foreseenverb 2 aor act ptc nom sg fG4308δὲthenconjG1161ἡtheart nom sg fG3588γραφὴScripturenoun nom sg fG1124ὅτιthatconjG3754ἐκbyprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102δικαιοῖjustifiesverb pres act ind 3 sgG1344τὰtheart acc pl nG3588ἔθνηGentilesnoun acc pl nG1484ὁtheart nom sg mG3588θεός,God,noun nom sg m TitleG2316προευηγγελίσατοforetold the gospelverb aor mid Deponent ind 3 sgG4283τῷtheart dat sg mG3588Ἀβραὰμto Abrahamnoun dat sg m IndividualG11ὅτιthatconjG3754ἐνευλογηθήσονταιWill be blessedverb fut pass ind 3 plG1757ἐνinprepG1722σοὶyoupers pron 2 dat sgG4771πάνταalladj nom pl nG3956τὰtheart nom pl nG3588ἔθνη.nations.noun nom pl nG1484 So then they which be of faith are blessed with faithful Abraham.
ὥστεSo thenconjG5620οἱthoseart nom pl mG3588ἐκofprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102εὐλογοῦνταιare blessedverb pres pass ind 3 plG2127σὺνalong withprepG4862τῷtheart dat sg mG3588πιστῷbelievingadj dat sg mG4103Ἀβραάμ.Abraham.noun dat sg m IndividualG11 For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse: for it is written, Cursed is every one that continueth not in all things which are written in the book of the law to do them.
ὅσοιAs many asCorrelative pronoun nom pl mG3745γὰρforconjG1063ἐξofprepG1537ἔργωνworksnoun gen pl nG2041νόμουof [the] Lawnoun gen sg mG3551εἰσίν,are,verb pres act ind 3 plG1510ὑπὸunderprepG5259κατάρανa cursenoun acc sg fG2671εἰσίν·are;verb pres act ind 3 plG1510γέγραπταιit has been writtenverb perf pass ind 3 sgG1125γὰρforconjG1063ὅτιthatconjG3754ἐπικατάρατοςCursed [is]adj nom sg mG1944πᾶςeveryoneadj nom sg mG3956ὃςwhoRelative pronoun nom sg mG3739οὐκnotNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἐμμένειdoes continueverb pres act ind 3 sgG1696πᾶσινall thingsadj dat pl nG3956τοῖςwhichart dat pl nG3588γεγραμμένοιςwrittenverb perf pass ptc dat pl nG1125ἐνinprepG1722τῷtheart dat sg nG3588βιβλίῳbooknoun dat sg nG975τοῦof theart gen sg mG3588νόμουLawnoun gen sg mG3551τοῦtheart gen sg nG3588ποιῆσαιto doverb aor act infG4160αὐτά.them.pers pron acc pl nG846 But that no man is justified by the law in the sight of God, it is evident: for, The just shall live by faith.
ὅτιforconjG3754δὲnowconjG1161ἐνbyprepG1722νόμῳ[the] lawnoun dat sg mG3551οὐδεὶςno [one]adj nom sg mG3762δικαιοῦταιis justifiedverb pres pass ind 3 sgG1344παρὰbeforeprepG3844τῷtheart dat sg mG3588θεῷGodnoun dat sg m TitleG2316δῆλον,[is] evident,adj nom sg nG1212ὅτιbecauseconjG3754ὁTheart nom sg mG3588δίκαιοςrighteousadj nom sg mG1342ἐκbyprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102ζήσεται·will live;verb fut mid Deponent ind 3 sgG2198 And the law is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them shall live in them.
ὁtheart nom sg mG3588δὲAndconjG1161νόμοςthe Lawnoun nom sg mG3551οὐκnotNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἔστινisverb pres act ind 3 sgG1510ἐκofprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102ἀλλ᾽ratherconjG235ὁThe [one]art nom sg mG3588ποιήσαςhaving doneverb aor act ptc nom sg mG4160αὐτὰthese thingspers pron acc pl nG846ζήσεταιwill liveverb fut mid Deponent ind 3 sgG2198ἐνbyprepG1722αὐτοῖς.¶them.pers pron dat pl nG846 Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree:
ΧριστὸςChristnoun nom sg m TitleG5547ἡμᾶςuspers pron 1 acc plG3165ἐξηγόρασενredeemedverb aor act ind 3 sgG1805ἐκfromprepG1537τῆςtheart gen sg fG3588κατάραςcursenoun gen sg fG2671τοῦof theart gen sg mG3588νόμουLawnoun gen sg mG3551γενόμενοςhaving becomeverb 2 aor mid Deponent ptc nom sg mG1096ὑπὲρforprepG5228ἡμῶνuspers pron 1 gen plG3165κατάρα·a curse;noun nom sg fG2671ὅτιsinceconjG3754γέγραπταιit has been writtenverb perf pass ind 3 sgG1125ἐπικατάρατοςCursed [is]adj nom sg mG1944πᾶςeveryoneadj nom sg mG3956ὁwhoart nom sg mG3588κρεμάμενοςis hangingverb pres mid ptc nom sg mG2910ἐπὶonprepG1909ξύλου·a tree;noun gen sg nG3586 That the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentiles through Jesus Christ; that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith.
ἵναso thatconjG2443εἰςtoprepG1519τὰtheart acc pl nG3588ἔθνηGentilesnoun acc pl nG1484ἡtheart nom sg fG3588εὐλογίαblessingnoun nom sg fG2129τοῦtheart gen sg mG3588Ἀβραὰμof Abrahamnoun gen sg m IndividualG11γένηταιmay becomeverb 2 aor mid Deponent subj 3 sgG1096ἐνinprepG1722ΧριστῷChristnoun dat sg m TitleG5547Ἰησοῦ,Jesusnoun dat sg m IndividualG2424ἵναso thatconjG2443τὴνtheart acc sg fG3588ἐπαγγελίανpromisenoun acc sg fG1860τοῦof theart gen sg nG3588πνεύματοςSpiritnoun gen sg nG4151λάβωμενwe may receiveverb 2 aor act subj 1 plG2983διὰthroughprepG1223τῆςtheart gen sg fG3588πίστεως.faith.noun gen sg fG4102 Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man’s covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto.
ἀδελφοί,Brothers,noun voc pl mG80κατὰaccording toprepG2596ἄνθρωπονmannoun acc sg mG444λέγω.I am speaking.verb pres act ind 1 sgG3004ὅμωςEvenprepG3676ἀνθρώπουof mannoun gen sg mG444κεκυρωμένηνratifiedverb perf pass ptc acc sg fG2964διαθήκηνa covenantnoun acc sg fG1242οὐδεὶςno [one]adj nom sg mG3762ἀθετεῖsets asideverb pres act ind 3 sgG114ἢorconjG2228ἐπιδιατάσσεται.adds thereto.verb pres mid or pass Deponent ind 3 sgG1928 Now to Abraham and his seed were the promises made. He saith not, And to seeds, as of many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is Christ.
τῷtheart dat sg mG3588δὲAndconjG1161Ἀβραὰμto Abrahamnoun dat sg m IndividualG11ἐρρέθησανwere spokenverb aor pass ind 3 plG2046αἱtheart nom pl fG3588ἐπαγγελίαιpromisesnoun nom pl fG1860καὶandconjG2532τῷto theart dat sg nG3588σπέρματιseednoun dat sg nG4690αὐτοῦ.of him.pers pron gen sg mG846οὐNotNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756λέγει·it does say;verb pres act ind 3 sgG3004καὶandconjG2532τοῖςtheart dat pl nG3588σπέρμασινto seedsnoun dat pl nG4690ὡςasParticle or Disjunctive ParticleG5613ἐπὶofprepG1909πολλῶνmanyadj gen pl nG4183ἀλλ᾽butconjG235ὡςasParticle or Disjunctive ParticleG5613ἐφ᾽ofprepG1909ἑνός·One;adj gen sg nG1520καὶandconjG2532τῷto theart dat sg nG3588σπέρματίseednoun dat sg nG4690σουof youpers pron 2 gen sgG4771ὅςwhoRelative pronoun nom sg mG3739ἐστινisverb pres act ind 3 sgG1510Χριστός.Christ.noun nom sg m TitleG5547 And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect.
τοῦτοThisDemonstrative pronoun acc sg nG3778δὲnowconjG1161λέγω·I say:verb pres act ind 1 sgG3004διαθήκην[The] covenantnoun acc sg fG1242προκεκυρωμένηνconfirmed beforehandverb perf pass ptc acc sg fG4300ὑπὸbyprepG5259τοῦtheart gen sg mG3588θεοῦGodnoun gen sg m TitleG2316ὁtheart nom sg mG3588μετὰafterwardprepG3326τετρακόσιαfour hundredadj acc pl nG5071καὶandconjG2532τριάκονταthirtyadj Indeclinable NumeralG5144ἔτηyearsnoun acc pl nG2094γεγονὼςhaving comeverb 2 perf act ptc nom sg mG1096νόμος[the] lawnoun nom sg mG3551οὐκnotNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἀκυροῖdoes annulverb pres act ind 3 sgG208εἰςso asprepG1519τὸtheart acc sg nG3588καταργῆσαιto nullifyverb aor act infG2673τὴνtheart acc sg fG3588ἐπαγγελίαν.promise.noun acc sg fG1860 For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave it to Abraham by promise.
εἰIfconjG1487γὰρforconjG1063ἐκbyprepG1537νόμου[the] Law [is]noun gen sg mG3551ἡtheart nom sg fG3588κληρονομίαinheritancenoun nom sg fG2817οὐκέτιno longerNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἐξbyprepG1537ἐπαγγελίας·a promise;noun gen sg fG1860τῷtheart dat sg mG3588δὲbutconjG1161Ἀβραὰμto Abrahamnoun dat sg m IndividualG11δι᾽throughprepG1223ἐπαγγελίαςa promisenoun gen sg fG1860κεχάρισταιhas granted [it]verb perf mid or pass Deponent ind 3 sgG5483ὁtheart nom sg mG3588θεός.¶God.noun nom sg m TitleG2316 Wherefore then serveth the law? It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made; and it was ordained by angels in the hand of a mediator.
ΤίWhyInterrogative pronoun acc sg nG5101οὖνthenconjG3767ὁtheart nom sg mG3588νόμος;Law?noun nom sg mG3551τῶνtheart gen pl fG3588παραβάσεωνtransgressionsnoun gen pl fG3847χάρινBecause ofprepG5484προσετέθηit was addedverb aor pass ind 3 sgG4369ἄχριςuntilprepG891οὗthatRelative pronoun gen sg mG3739ἔλθῃmay have comeverb 2 aor act subj 3 sgG2064τὸtheart nom sg nG3588σπέρμαseednoun nom sg nG4690ᾧto whomRelative pronoun dat sg nG3739ἐπήγγελται,promise has been made,verb perf mid or pass Deponent ind 3 sgG1861διαταγεὶςhaving been ordainedverb 2 aor pass ptc nom sg mG1299δι᾽throughprepG1223ἀγγέλωνangelsnoun gen pl mG32ἐνinprepG1722χειρὶ[the] handnoun dat sg fG5495μεσίτου.of a mediator.noun gen sg mG3316 Now a mediator is not a mediator of one, but God is one.
ὁtheart nom sg mG3588δὲHoweverconjG1161μεσίτηςa mediatornoun nom sg mG3316ἑνὸςof one [person]adj gen sg mG1520οὐκnotNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἔστιν,is,verb pres act ind 3 sgG1510ὁtheart nom sg mG3588δὲbutconjG1161θεὸςGodnoun nom sg m TitleG2316εἷςoneadj nom sg mG1520ἐστιν.¶is.verb pres act ind 3 sgG1510 Is the law then against the promises of God? God forbid: for if there had been a law given which could have given life, verily righteousness should have been by the law.
ὉTheart nom sg mG3588οὖνthereforeconjG3767νόμοςLawnoun nom sg mG3551κατὰ[is] contrary toprepG2596τῶνtheart gen pl fG3588ἐπαγγελιῶνpromisesnoun gen pl fG1860τοῦtheart gen sg mG3588θεοῦ;of God?noun gen sg m TitleG2316μὴNeverNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3361γένοιτο.would it be!verb 2 aor mid Deponent opt 3 sgG1096εἰIfconjG1487γὰρforconjG1063ἐδόθηwas givenverb aor pass ind 3 sgG1325νόμοςa lawnoun nom sg mG3551ὁwhichart nom sg mG3588δυνάμενοςis being ableverb pres mid or pass Deponent ptc nom sg mG1410ζῳοποιῆσαι,to impart life,verb aor act infG2227ὄντωςindeedadvG3689ἐκfromprepG1537νόμου[the] lawnoun gen sg mG3551ἂνthen wouldParticle or Disjunctive ParticleG302ἦνwas emergingverb impf act ind 3 sgG1510ἡtheart nom sg fG3588δικαιοσύνη·righteousness;noun nom sg fG1343 But the scripture hath concluded all under sin, that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe.
ἀλλὰbutconjG235συνέκλεισενimprisonedverb aor act ind 3 sgG4788ἡtheart nom sg fG3588γραφὴScripturenoun nom sg fG1124τὰthe [things]art acc pl nG3588πάνταalladj acc pl nG3956ὑπὸunderprepG5259ἁμαρτίαν,sin,noun acc sg fG266ἵναso thatconjG2443ἡtheart nom sg fG3588ἐπαγγελίαpromisenoun nom sg fG1860ἐκbyprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102Ἰησοῦfrom Jesusnoun gen sg m IndividualG2424ΧριστοῦChristnoun gen sg m TitleG5547δοθῇmay be givenverb aor pass subj 3 sgG1325τοῖςto thoseart dat pl mG3588πιστεύουσιν.¶believing.verb pres act ptc dat pl mG4100 But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.
ΠρὸBeforeprepG4253τοῦtheart gen sg nG3588δὲnowconjG1161ἐλθεῖνcomingverb 2 aor act infG2064τὴνtheart acc sg fG3588πίστινfaithnoun acc sg fG4102ὑπὸunderprepG5259νόμον[the] Lawnoun acc sg mG3551ἐφρουρούμεθαwe were held in custodyverb impf pass ind 1 plG5432συγκλειόμενοιbeing locked upverb pres pass ptc nom pl mG4788εἰςuntilprepG1519τὴνwhichart acc sg fG3588μέλλουσανis being soonverb pres act ptc acc sg fG3195πίστινfaithnoun acc sg fG4102ἀποκαλυφθῆναι.to be revealed.verb aor pass infG601 Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith.
ὥστεso thatconjG5620ὁtheart nom sg mG3588νόμοςLawnoun nom sg mG3551παιδαγωγὸςtrainernoun nom sg mG3807ἡμῶνof uspers pron 1 gen plG3165γέγονενhas becomeverb 2 perf act ind 3 sgG1096εἰςuntoprepG1519Χριστόν,Christ,noun acc sg m TitleG5547ἵναso thatconjG2443ἐκbyprepG1537πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102δικαιωθῶμεν·we may be justified;verb aor pass subj 1 plG1344 But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster.
ἐλθούσηςWhen was comingverb 2 aor act ptc gen sg fG2064δὲnowconjG1161τῆςtheart gen sg fG3588πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102οὐκέτιno longerNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ὑπὸunderprepG5259παιδαγωγόνa trainernoun acc sg mG3807ἐσμεν.we are.verb pres act ind 1 plG1510 For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus.
πάντεςalladj nom pl mG3956γὰρforconjG1063υἱοὶsonsnoun nom pl mG5207θεοῦof Godnoun gen sg m TitleG2316ἐστεyou areverb pres act ind 2 plG1510διὰthroughprepG1223τῆςtheart gen sg fG3588πίστεωςfaithnoun gen sg fG4102ἐνinprepG1722ΧριστῷChristnoun dat sg m TitleG5547Ἰησοῦ·Jesus;noun dat sg m IndividualG2424 For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.
ὅσοιAs many asCorrelative pronoun nom pl mG3745γὰρforconjG1063εἰςintoprepG1519ΧριστὸνChristnoun acc sg m TitleG5547ἐβαπτίσθητε,you were baptized,verb aor pass ind 2 plG907ΧριστὸνChristnoun acc sg m TitleG5547ἐνεδύσασθε.you have put on.verb aor mid ind 2 plG1746 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.
οὐκNeitherNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἔνιthere isverb pres act ind 3 sgG1762ἸουδαῖοςJewnoun nom sg m Person GentilicG2453οὐδὲnorconj NegativeG3761Ἕλλην,Greek,noun nom sg m Location GentilicG1672οὐκneitherNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἔνιthere isverb pres act ind 3 sgG1762δοῦλοςslavenoun nom sg mG1401οὐδὲnorconj NegativeG3761ἐλεύθερος,free,adj nom sg mG1658οὐκneitherNegative Particle Negative NegativeG3756ἔνιthere isverb pres act ind 3 sgG1762ἄρσενmaleadj nom sg nG730καὶandconjG2532θῆλυ·female;adj nom sg nG2338πάντεςalladj nom pl mG3956γὰρforconjG1063ὑμεῖςyou yourselvespers pron 2 nom plG4771εἷςoneadj nom sg mG1520ἐστεareverb pres act ind 2 plG1510ἐνinprepG1722ΧριστῷChristnoun dat sg m TitleG5547Ἰησοῦ.Jesus.noun dat sg m IndividualG2424 And if ye be Christ’s, then are ye Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.
εἰIfconjG1487δὲnowconjG1161ὑμεῖςyou yourselves [are]pers pron 2 nom plG4771Χριστοῦ,Christ’s,noun gen sg m TitleG5547ἄραthenconjG686τοῦtheart gen sg mG3588ἈβραὰμAbraham’snoun gen sg m IndividualG11σπέρμαseednoun nom sg nG4690ἐστέ,you are,verb pres act ind 2 plG1510κατ᾽according toprepG2596ἐπαγγελίαν[the] promisenoun acc sg fG1860κληρονόμοι.¶heirs.noun nom pl mG2818
Greek: the text of the Nestle-Aland edition; the KJV follows a slightly different Greek text in places. Tagging, glosses and parsing: STEPBible.org, Tyndale House Cambridge (TAHOT, TAGNT; CC BY 4.0), adapted. Strong’s numbers link to word studies.